The IMPDH inhibitors,ribavirin and mycophenolic acid,inhibit peste des petits ruminants virus infection

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes highly contagious diseases in domestic and particular wild small ruminants, leading to substantial economic loss. The development of effective and cheap antiviral medications shall help to circumvent this emerging burden. In this study, we found that ribavirin, a competitive inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, significantly inhibits the replication of PPRV. As IMPDH is a key enzyme in purine nucleotide synthesis, supplementation of exogenous guanosine attenuate the anti-PPRV effect of ribavirin. Interestingly, an uncompetitive IMPDH inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA), exerted more potent antiviral effect again PPRV. Similarly, this effect was largely restored upon supplementation of guanosine. Thus, we have demonstrated that the IMPDH inhibitors ribavirin and MPA combat PPRV infection through purine nucleotide depletion. Because both regimens have been widely used in the clinic for treating viral infection or organ rejection in transplantation patients for decades, respectively, repurposing these existing safe and cheap medications may provide a new avenue for combating PPRV infection.     

Effect of gut stress induced by oxidized wheat gluten on the growth performance,gut morphology and oxidative states of broilers

This study was to investigate the effect of oxidized wheat gluten (OG) on growth performance, gut morphology and its oxidative states of broilers. One hundred and eighty‐day‐old male broilers (10 chicks/pen) were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments: control diet (CON), diet with 8% wheat gluten (WG) and diet with 8% OG with six pens/treatment. Body weight (BW) (21 and 35 days) and average daily gain (ADG) (1–21 days and 22–35 days) decreased (p < .05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1–21 days and 22–35 days) increased (p < .05) in OG treatment. Feed intake (FI) decreased (p < .05) in WG and OG treatments during 22–35 days. However, FI was not influenced by dietary treatments during 1–21 days (p > .05). The OG‐fed broilers had a lower faecal pH value (p < .05) and higher faecal moisture content (p < 05) at 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Villus height, crypt depth and V/C value were not different (p > .05) among treatments at 21 and 35 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) (21 and 35 days) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (35 days) content in crop of OG treatment increased (p < .05). Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (21 days), LPO (21 and 35 days) and MDA (21 and 35 days) content in ileum of OG treatment increased (p < .05). The reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) (21 days) and (GSH) (35 days) in ileum of OG treatment decreased (p < .05). The present findings indicate that OG might be a stressor for broiler gut, which could induce oxidative stress both in crop and in ileum, and the diarrhoea as well. The growth performance of broiler was consequently depressed.     

Multimarker and rare variants genomewide association studies for bone weight in Simmental cattle

Bone weight, defined as the total weight of the bones in all the forequarter and hindquarter joints, can reflect somebody conformation traits and skeletal diseases. To gain a better understanding of the genetic determinants of bone weight, we used a composite strategy including multimarker and rare‐marker association to perform genomewide association studies (GWAS) for that character in Simmental cattle. Our strategy consisted of three models: (i) A traditional linear mixed model (LMM) was applied (Q+K‐LMM); (ii) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p‐values less than .05 from the LMM were selected to undergo the least absolute shrinkage and selector operator (Lasso) in the second stage (LMM‐Lasso); (iii) genes containing two or more rare SNPs were examined by performing the sequence kernel association test (gene‐based SKAT). A total of 1,225 cattle were genotyped with an Illumina BovineHD BeadChip containing 770,000 SNPs. After the quality‐control procedures, 1,217 individuals with 608,696 common SNPs and 105,787 rare SNPs (with 0.001 < minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.05) remained in the sample for analysis. A traditional LMM successfully mapped three genes associated with bone weight, while LMM‐Lasso identified nine genes, which included all genes found by traditional LMM. Only a single gene, EPHB3, surpassed the significance threshold after Bonferroni correction in gene‐based SKAT. In conclusion, based on functional annotation and results from previous endeavours, we believe that LCORL, RIMS2, LAP3, PRKAR2B, CHSY1, MAP2K6 and EPHB3 are candidate genes for bone weight. In general, such a comprehensive strategy for GWAS may be useful for researchers seeking to probe the full genetic architecture underlying economic traits in livestock.     

放牧对草地生态系统温室气体的影响

放牧主要通过影响草地生态系统中土壤的理化性质(土壤含水率、孔隙度、微生物和有机物含量的构成)来影响整个生态系统温室气体的排放。草地生态系统土壤中,植物根系的呼吸作用、土壤微生物的活动以及各种物理、化学和生物作用为温室气体的主要来源。本文在阐述草地生态系统温室气体排放机制和作用的基础上,主要从放牧管理模式、放牧强度、放牧动物等放牧作用对草地生态系统温室气体的排放情况进行了综述,就今后放牧对草地生态温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望,总结了适合不同放牧条件下整个生态系统温室气体的减排措施。     

玛曲高寒草甸放牧强度的遥感监测

为给玛曲县高寒草甸草-畜平衡和草地资源的可持续利用提供科学依据,本研究利用遥感技术,结合2016年地面实测数据和同时期的MODIS影像资料,分别建立了研究区草地地上生物量和植被指数(NDVI)、相对放牧强度间的回归模型以及不同相对放牧强度和NDVI值之间的幂回归模型。结果表明,6-9月调查点NDVI和地上生物量间存在较好的相关性,即随着NDVI值的增加生物量呈上升趋势,且9月份的拟合(R2=0.510 2)达到了极显著水平;实测地上生物量和相对放牧强度之间有很好的拟合关系(R2=0.965 1),随着放牧强度的增加地上生物量呈下降趋势;相对放牧强度和植被指数间相关性较好(R2=0.631),即随着NDVI值的变小,相对放牧强度逐渐增强,当相对放牧强度增强到一定程度时,NDVI对其响应不灵敏。     

高寒牧区两个燕麦品种的产量与品质比较

在我国青藏高原高寒牧区,栽培草地种植主要以燕麦(Avena sativa)为主,但当地现有的品种产草量较低,缺乏高产优质的燕麦品种。为了进一步提高高寒牧区燕麦产量和品质,满足当地的生产需要,于2013-2016年期间从青海省引进燕麦新品种"林纳"在碌曲县进行试验种植,并和当地现有品种"陇燕1号"的农艺性状及营养价值进行比较研究。结果表明,"林纳"燕麦生育期短,成熟快;其鲜、干草产量显著高于当地现有燕麦品种"陇燕1号"(P0.05),分别增产41%和38%。"林纳"粗蛋白(CP)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量较高,但差异不显著(P0.05);而粗脂肪(EE)含量显著高于当地品种(P0.05);酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)低于当地品种,其中,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量差异显著(P0.05)。总之,"林纳"燕麦的生产力和营养品质均优于当地品种,具有良好的应用前景,可作为该地区乃至整个高寒牧区的优质燕麦品种推广种植。     

羊传染性脓疱病毒NZ2毒株CBP蛋白结构分析与表位预测

本研究应用生物信息学方法,以ORFV NZ2毒株的CBP蛋白氨基酸序列为研究对象,对CBP蛋白的理化特性、亲水性、跨膜区、信号肽、二级结构、三级结构、B细胞表位和T细胞表位进行了预测分析。结果显示,CBP蛋白的相对分子质量为31.179 89 kDa,理论等电点为4.68,半衰期为30 h,稳定系数为43.06,脂肪族指数为81.78,总平均亲水性为-0.383。CBP蛋白为亲水性蛋白,无跨膜区,不属于跨膜蛋白,存在信号肽;二级结构中α螺旋、β折叠、β转角、无规卷曲分别占38.11%、33.91%、5.94%和10.48%,三级结构形似倒立的哑铃,上下对称。筛选出了6个优势B细胞表位、3个CTL细胞表位,无Th细胞表位。CBP蛋白为亲水性膜外蛋白,细胞表位较少,在细胞膜外为ORFV逃避宿主免疫反应发挥作用。本研究为CBP蛋白的功能研究与ORFV的致病机制研究提供了理论依据。     

不同光质组合对生菜生长和能量利用效率的影响

【目的】筛选较优的光质组合,提高人工光植物工厂生菜产量和能量利用效率。【方法】以光强为200μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝光(RB)为对照,在光强为150μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝背景光基础上,分别添加50μmol/(m~2·s)的绿光(G)、黄光(Y)、橙光(O)和远红光(FR)组成4种不同光质组合处理,分别用RBG、RBY、RBO和RBFR表示,对不同光质组合处理生菜的生长及形态、光合能力、能量利用效率等指标进行比较研究。【结果】RBG、RBO和RBFR处理生菜地上部鲜质量较RB处理分别增加14.5%,14.5%和30.8%,地上部干质量分别增加13.3%,24.1%和29.9%(P0.05)。RBG处理可以增加生菜的株高、总叶面积、净光合速率和能量利用效率。与RB处理相比,RBY处理对生菜的地上部干、鲜质量影响不显著;RBO处理可以提高生菜叶片的光合能力和能量利用效率。RBFR处理可以增加生菜的地上部干、鲜质量,但在实际生产中,生菜叶片较易出现烧尖现象。【结论】RBG和RBO是工光植物工厂生产中较为合适的光质组合。     

成型马尾松针对含铬废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除

以废弃的马尾松针为原材料，制备了易回收的成型马尾松针，并用于含铬（Cr）废水的吸附。通过磷酸与羧甲基纤维素钠反应将废弃马尾松针成型化，以重铬酸钾溶液作为模拟含铬废水，研究吸附剂投加量、pH、初始浓度等对成型马尾松针吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明：成型马尾松针对水中Cr（Ⅵ）具有良好的去除效果，质量浓度为10 mg·L^-1的Cr（Ⅵ）溶液，吸附剂投加量为10.0 g·L^-1时，Cr（Ⅵ）去除率达到99%；成型马尾松针对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附是一个先快速吸附、后缓慢达到平衡的过程，对于10 mg·L^-1的Cr（Ⅵ）溶液，最终吸附平衡时间为6 h。马尾松针对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率随着pH的升高而降低，在pH 1~4时，去除率超过90%；成型马尾松针对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附符合Freundlich模型，吸附过程可以由准一级动力学模型描述；成型马尾松针去除Cr（Ⅵ）的主要机制是静电吸附、氧化还原和络合作用。研究表明，成型马尾松针在去除Cr（Ⅵ）方面具有良好的潜力，可实现废弃生物质资源的循环利用和废水中有毒重金属去除的双重目标。